Brooches, trinkets and pendants: how remote workers use symbols to represent their identities

Gustavo Rubert Rodrigues, Bruno Felix
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21529/RECADM.2021006

Abstract

The objective of this work is to understand the use of symbols for representing the identity, as made by professionals whose work takes place in the workplaces of their clients and other stakeholders or in places combined with these for the performance of professional activities. The premise adopted in the present work is that the symbol would currently be used in the work environment, intentionally, as a communicative element. This premise is aligned with foundations found in the field of social psychology. After conducting semi-structured interviews with employees of public and private organizations, we developed a grounded theory. Through the two central categories (expression and reminder of the self), we identified that these remote workers use objects with symbolic meaning (eg., brooches, car stickers, dolls and key chains), to represent aspects of their identities to others (interpersonal) and to themselves (intrapersonal). In theoretical terms, we identified that such processes produce positive effects for their work, such as mediation of interactions and self-determination.

Keywords

identity; self; symbols; remote workers


Compartilhe


References


Abbad, G. D. S., Legentil, J., Damascena, M., Miranda, L., Feital, C., & Neiva, E. R. (2019). Percepções de teletrabalhadores e trabalhadores presenciais sobre desenho do trabalho. Revista Psicologia Organizações e Trabalho, 19(4), 772-780.

Amaral, E., Costa, L., Costa, K., Froes, G., & Dorigatte, E. (2016). Flexibilização das relações de trabalho: a flexibilização e a inovação da implementação do trabalho remoto no Brasil. Revista Eletrônica FACP, (9), 1-14.

Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: a meta‐analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471-499.

Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20-39.

Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (1999). “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 413-434.

Ashforth, B. E., & Schinoff, B. S. (2016). Identity under construction: how individuals come to define themselves in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 111-137.

Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dorris, A. D. (2017). Emotions in the workplace. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 67-90.

Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Self-regulation and the executive function of the self. Handbook of Self and Identity, 1, 197-217.

Becker, M., Vignoles, V. L., Owe, E., Brown, R., Smith, P. B., Easterbrook, M., & Camino, L. (2012). Culture and the distinctiveness motive: constructing identity in individualistic and collectivistic contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 833.

Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139-168.

Brown, A. D. (2015). Identities and identity work in organizations. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(1), 20-40.

Brown, A. D. (2017). Identity work and organizational identification. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(3), 296-317.

Byron, K., & Laurence, G. A. (2015). Diplomas, photos, and tchotchkes as symbolic self-representations: understanding employees' individual use of symbols. Academy of Management Journal, 58(1), 298-323.

Charmaz, K. (2009). A construção da teoria fundamentada: guia prático para análise qualitativa. Porto Alegre: Bookman Editora.

Charon, J. M. (1992). Symbolic interactionism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Conner, M., Povey, R., Sparks, P., James, R., & Shepherd, R. (2003). Moderating role of attitudinal ambivalence within the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 75-94.

Desai, S. D., & Kouchaki, M. (2017). Moral symbols: a necklace of garlic against unethical requests. Academy of Management Journal, 60(1), 7-28.

Donald, I. (1994). Management and change in office environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14(1), 21-30.

Ebaugh, H. R., & Ebaugh, H. R. F. (1988). Becoming an ex: the process of role exit. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Eddleston, K. A., & Mulki, J. (2017). Toward understanding remote workers’ management of work–family boundaries: the complexity of workplace embeddedness. Group & Organization Management, 42(3), 346-387.

Elsbach, K. D. (2003). Relating physical environment to self-categorizations: identity threat and affirmation in a non-territorial office space. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(4), 622-654.

Elsbach, K. D. (2004). Interpreting workplace identities: the role of office décor. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(1), 99-128.

Felix, B., & Cavazotte, F. (2019). When a calling goes unanswered: exploring the role of workplace personalizations as calling enactments. Frontiers in psychology, 10,1-14.

Fincato, D. (2016). A regulamentação do teletrabalho no Brasil: indicações para uma contratação minimamente segura. Revista Jurídica Luso Brasileira, 2(3), 365-396.

Gatti, D. P., Souza Terra, G., Santos Portugal, N., Souza, W. G., Junior, P. D. S. P., & Silva, S. W. (2018). Home Office: vantagens, desvantagens e desafios para empresas e funcionários. Revista de Administração do UNIFATEA, 16(16).

Glaser, B. & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 24(25), 288-304.

Gollwitzer, P. M., Wicklund, R. A., & Hilton, J. L. (1982). Admission of failure and symbolic self-completion: extending Lewinian Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(2), 358.

Gomes, R., & Felix, B. (2019). O self no armário: uma teoria fundamentada sobre o silêncio de gays e de lésbicas no ambiente de trabalho. Cadernos EBAPE. BR, 17(2), 375-388.

Greenaway, K. H., Thai, H. A., Haslam, S. A., & Murphy, S. C. (2016). Spaces that signal identity improve workplace productivity. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 15(2), 35-43.

Ibarra, H. (1999). Provisional selves: experimenting with image and identity in professional adaptation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 764-791.

Jacobi, J. (2016). Complexo, arquétipo e símbolo na psicologia de CG Jung. Petrópolis: Editora Vozes Limitada.

Khazanchi, S., Sprinkle, T. A., Masterson, S. S., & Tong, N. (2018). A spatial model of work relationships: the relationship-building and relationship-straining effects of workspace design. Academy of Management Review, 43(4), 590-609.

Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. California: Sage publications.

Leavitt, K., & Sluss, D. M. (2015). Lying for who we are: an identity-based model of workplace dishonesty. Academy of Management Review, 40(4), 587-610.

Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: a social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38(1), 299-337.

McInerney, C. R. (1999). Working in the virtual office: providing information and knowledge to remote workers. Library & Information Science Research, 21(1), 69-89.

Mello, Á. A. A., Santos, S. A., Kuniyoshi, M. S., Gaspar, M. A., & Kubo, E. K. D. M. (2014). Teletrabalho como fator de inclusão social e digital em empresas de Call Center/Contact Center. Revista de Administração da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 7(3), 373-388.

Meltzoff, A. N., & Decety, J. (2003). What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 358(1431), 491-500.

Nogueira, A. M., & Patini, A. C. (2012). Trabalho remoto e desafios dos gestores. RAI Revista de Administração e Inovação, 9(4), 121-152.

Obodaru, O. (2012). The self not taken: how alternative selves develop and how they influence our professional lives. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 34-57.

Oliveira, A. M., Silva, J. E. F., Santos, T. J., & Souza, E. C. P. (2017). Secretariado remoto: é possível conciliar a vida profissional com a vida pessoal? Revista Expectativa, 16(1), 1-19.

Pan, N. D., Gruber, M., & Binder, J. (2019). Painting with all the colors: the value of social identity theory for understanding social entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Review, 44(1), 213-215.

Perry, S. J., Rubino, C., & Hunter, E. M. (2018). Stress in remote work: two studies testing the Demand-Control-Person model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(5), 577-593.

Pratt, M. G., & Foreman, P. O. (2000). Classifying managerial responses to multiple organizational identities. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 18-42.

Pratt, M. G., & Rafaeli, A. (1997). Organizational dress as a symbol of multilayered social identities. Academy of Management Journal, 40(4), 862-898.

Pratt, M. G., & Rafaeli, A. (2001). Symbols as a language of organizational relationships. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 93-132.

Pratt, M. G., Rockmann, K. W., & Kaufmann, J. B. (2006). Constructing professional identity: the role of work and identity learning cycles in the customization of identity among medical residents. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2), 235-262.

Rafaeli, A., Dutton, J., Harquail, C. V., & Mackie-Lewis, S. (1997). Navigating by attire: the use of dress by female administrative employees. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 9-45.

Rafaeli, A., & Vilnai-Yavetz, I. (2004). Emotion as a connection of physical artifacts and organizations. Organization Science, 15(6), 671-686.

Shamir, B. (1991). Meaning, self and motivation in organizations. Organization studies, 12(3), 405-424.

Shamir, B., & Salomon, I. (1985). Work-at-home and the quality of working life. Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 455-464.

Spreitzer, G. M., Cameron, L., & Garrett, L. (2017). Alternative work arrangements: two images of the new world of work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 473-499.

Staples, D. S., Hulland, J. S., & Higgins, C. A. (1999). A self-efficacy theory explanation for the management of remote workers in virtual organizations. Organization Science, 10(6), 758-776.

Staples, D. S. (2001). A study of remote workers and their differences from non-remote workers. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC), 13(2), 3-14.

Stern, P. N. (2007). On solid ground: essential properties for growing grounded theory. The SAGE Handbook of Grounded Theory, 114-126.

Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (2008). Pesquisa qualitativa: técnicas e procedimentos para o desenvolvimento de teoria fundamentada. Porto Alegre: Artmed.

Stryker, S. (1987). The vitalization of symbolic interactionism. Social Psychology Quarterly, 50(1), 83-94.

Walsh, K., & Gordon, J. R. (2008). Creating an individual work identity. Human Resource Management Review, 18(1), 46-61.

Watson, T. J. (2008). Managing identity: identity work, personal predicaments and structural circumstances. Organization, 15(1), 121-143.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.