Padrinhos e caciques: o lado sombrio da atividade política corporativa na captura do Estado

Caio César Coelho, Amon Barros
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21529/RECADM.2021001

Texto completo:

PDF

Resumo

Uma das estratégias de não-mercado é a atividade política corporativa (CPA), aa qual engloba as atividades empresariais relacionadas a esfera pública como o lobby, as doações de campanha, as associações de classe e contratos públicos. A conexão entre esfera pública e privada pode trazer alguns benefícios, mas também traz riscos para o ambiente democrático na medida em que pode ensejar uma captura do Estado por parte do setor privado, dando para este acesso ao poder público. Sendo assim, este artigo define o lado sombrio da atividade política corporativa e como ele leva à captura do Estado por meio de estratégias empresariais como a de Caciques e Padrinhos. Para tanto, realiza-se um estudo de caso único e intrínseco, utilizando os dados públicos disponibilizados pelas colaborações premiadas da investigação da Odebrecht na operação Lava Jato. Os dados foram estudados de forma qualitativa por meio da análise de redes temáticas. Esta metodologia permite que se construa teoria a partir de uma descrição rica do caso, o que abre portas para novas pesquisas sobre as possíveis consequências negativas da CPA. Como contribuição, traz-se o lado sombrio da CPA e como o relacionamento pessoal entre Caciques e Padrinhos, incentivados pelas organizações, pode levar a crimes organizacionais e à captura do Estado.


Palavras-chave

atividade política corporativa; corrupção; estratégia de não-mercado; crime organizacional

Compartilhe

Referências


Abdullahi, A., & Sakariyau, R. T. (2013). Democracy and politics of godfatherism in Nigeria: the effects and way forward. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 4(2).

ABRIG (Associação Brasileira de Relações Institucionais e Governamentais) (2017, February). Revista Brasileira de Relações Institucionais e Governamentais. 2ª Ed. 55.

Aggarwal, R. K., Meschke, F., & Wang, T. Y. (2012). Corporate political donations: investment or agency? Business and Politics, 14(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1515/1469-3569.1391

Albert, I. O. (2005). Explaining ’godfatherism ’ in Nigerian politics. African Sociological Review, 9(2), 79–105.

Anderson, B. (1988). Cacique democracy in the Philippines: origins and dreams. The New Left Review, 1/169, 3–31.

Aplin, J. C., & Hegarty, W. H. (1980). Political influence: strategies employed by organizations to impact legislation in business and economic matters. Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 438–450. https://doi.org/10.5465/255510

Arewa, A. O., & Farrell, P. (2015). The culture of construction organisations: the epitome of institutionalised corruption. Construction Economics and Building, 15(3), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v15i3.4619

Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307

Bandeira-de-Mello, R., & Marcon, R. (2010). The value of business group affiliation for political connections : preferential lending in Brazil. In Annual Meeting of The Academy of Management (Vol. 2, pp. 1–25). AOM.

Barley, S. R. (2006). When I write my masterpiece: thoughts on what makes a paper interesting. Academy of Management Journal, 49(1), 16–20. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2006.20785495

Barley, S. R. (2007). Corporations, democracy, and the public good. Journal of Management Inquiry, 16(3), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492607305891

Barros, A., & Taylor, S. (2018). Think tanks, business and civil society: the ethics of promoting pro-corporate ideologies. Journal of Business Ethics, 0(0), 0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4007-y

Bezerra, M. O. (1995). Corrupção: um estudo sobre poder público e relações pessoais no Brasil (1ª Ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumará

LEI No 9.504, DE 30 DE SETEMBRO DE 1997., (1997) (testimony of Brasil).

MEDIDA PROVISÓRIA No 470, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2009., 2009 (2009) (testimony of Brasil).

LEI No 13.165, DE 29 DE SETEMBRO DE 2015., (2015) (testimony of Brasil).

Brasil, & Ministério Público Federal. (2014). Entenda o caso. http://lavajato.mpf.mp.br/entenda-o-caso

Campos, P. H. P. (2012). A Ditadura dos empreiteiros: as empresas nacionais de construção pesada, suas formas associativas e o Estado ditatorial brasileiro, 1964-1985. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

Carazza, B. (2018). Dinheiro, eleições e poder: as engrenagens do sistema político brasileiro. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.

Castro, A., & Ansari, S. (2017). Contextual “Readiness” for institutional work: a study of the fight against corruption in Brazil. Journal of Management Inquiry, 26(4), 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492617696887

Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded theory: objectivist and contructivist methods. In N. K. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.). The Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp. 509–535). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.

Chenou, J. M., & Radu, R. (2019). The “Right to Be Forgotten”: negotiating public and private ordering in the European Union. Business and Society, 58(1), 74–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650317717720

Choi, J.-W. W. (2007). Governance structure and administrative corruption in Japan: an organizational network approach. Public Administration Review, 67(5), 930–942. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00779.x

Claessens, S., Feijen, E., & Laeven, L. (2007). Political connections and preferential access to finance: the role of campaign contributions. Journal of Financial Economics, 88(3), 554–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.11.003

Coelho, C. C. (2019). Entre elites, corporações e corrupção: as relações entre a Odebrecht e o Estado Brasileiro. Dissertação de mestrado. Fundação Getúlio Vargas. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Coelho, C. C., & Barros, A. (2020). From Caciques and Godfathers to second-order corruption. Journal of Management Inquiry, 105649262090178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492620901780

Costa, M., Bandeira-de-Mello, R., & Marcon, R. (2013). Influência da conexão política na diversificação dos grupos empresariais brasileiros. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 53(4), 376–387.

Crouch, C. (2004). Post-Democracy. Cambridge: Polity press.

Curi, M. (2013). A disputa pelo legado em megaeventos esportivos no Brasil. Horizontes Antropológicos, 19(40), 65–88. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-71832013000200003

Dobos, N. (2017). Networking, corruption, and subversion. Journal of Business Ethics, 144(3), 467–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2853-4

Domadenik, P., Prašnikar, J., & Svejnar, J. (2016). Political connectedness, corporate governance, and firm performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 139(2), 411–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2675-4

Domhoff, G. W. (1967). Who rules America?. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Estrela, J. B. (1995). Obras públicas e superfaturamento. Revista do Tribunal de Contas do Distrito Federal, 21, 87–103.

Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: a hybrid approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107

Fleming, P., & Spicer, A. (2014). Power in management and organization science. Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 237–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2014.875671

Fleming, P., & Zyglidopoulos, S. C. (2008). The escalation of deception in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(4), 837–850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9551-9

Galang, R. M. N. (2012). Victim or victimizer: firm responses to government corruption. Journal of Management Studies, 49(2), 429–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00989.x

Geertz, C. (1973). Thick description toward an interpretative theory of culture. In C. Geertz (Ed.). The interpretation of Cultures (pp. 310–323). New York: Basic Books.

Getz, K. A. (1991). Selecting corporate political tactics. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1991(1), 326–330. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.1991.4977196

Gioia, D. A., & Longenecker, C. O. (1994). Delving into the dark side: the politics of executive appraisal. Organizational Dynamics, 22(3), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(94)90047-7

Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine.

Godoy, A. S. (1995). Pesquisa qualitativa: tipos fundamentais. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 35(3), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75901995000300004

Hadani, M., & Schuler, D. A. (2013). In search of El Dorado: the elusive financial returns on corporate political investments. Strategic Management Journal, 34(2), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2006

Hellman, J., Jones, G., & Kaufmann, D. (2000). Seize the state, seize the day: an empirical analysis of state capture and corruption in transition economies. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 2444, 1–41. papers2://publication/uuid/B15B06FA-4346-4788-A9CB-C07431F4B63A

Hillman, A. J., Keim, G. D., & Schuler, D. (2004). Corporate political activity: a review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 30(6), 837–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.003

Hillman, A.J., & Hitt, M.A. (1999). Corporate political strategy formulation: A model of approach, participation, and strategy decisions. Academy of Management Review, 24, 825–842.

Hu, H. W., Hillman, A. M. Y. J., Sun, P., (2016). The dark side of board political capital: enabling blockholder rent appropriation. Academy of Management Journal, 59(5), 1801–1822. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0425

Innes, A. (2016). Corporate state capture in open societies. East European Politics and Societies, 30(3), 594–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325416628957

John, A., Rajwani, T. S., & Lawton, T. C. (2015). Corporate political activity. In T. C. Lawton & T. S. Rajwani (Eds.). The Routledge Companion to Non-Market Strategy. New York: Routledge Editora.

Jong, M., Henry, W. P., & Stansbury, N. (2009, July). Eliminating corruption in our engineering/ construction industry. Leadership and Management in Engineering, 105–112.

Keim, G. D., & Zeithaml, C. P. (2016). Corporate political strategy and legislative decision making : a review and contingency approach published by : academy of management linked references are available on JSTOR for this article : corporate political strategy and legislative decision making. The Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 828–843.

Keller, F. B. (2016). Moving beyond factions: using social network analysis to uncover patronage networks among Chinese elites. Journal of East Asian Studies, 16(1), 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1017/jea.2015.3

Khan, M. H. (1998). Patron-client networks and the economic effects of corruption in Asia. European Journal of Development Research, 10(1), 15–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/09578819808426700

Khatri, N., Tsang, E. W. K., & Begley, T. M. (2006). Cronyism: a cross-cultural analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400171

Lawton, T., Mcguire, S., & Rajwani, T. (2013). Corporate political activity: a literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(1), 86–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00337.x

Lazzarini, S. (2011). Capitalismo de laços: os donos do Brasil e suas conexões. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier

Lemarchand, R., & Legg, K. (1972). Political clientelism and development: a preliminary analysis. Comparative Politics, 4(2), 149–178. https://doi.org/10.1146/tnnorcvjoc.012809.102609

Lenway, S. A., & Rehbein, K. (1991). Leaders, followers, and free riders : an empirical test of variation in corporate political involvement. The Academy of Management Journal, 34(4), 893–905.

Lin, W. (2019). Is corporate political activity an investment or agency? An application of system GMM approach. Administrative Sciences, 9(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci9010005

Lock, I., & Seele, P. (2018). Politicized CSR: how corporate political activity (mis)uses political CSR. Journal of Public Affairs, 18(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1667

Mancuso, W. P. (2003). Construindo leis: os construtores e as concessões de serviços. Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política, 58, 61–87. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-64452003000100005

Mancuso, W. P. (2004). O lobby da indústria no congresso nacional: empresariado e política no Brasil contemporâneo. Revista de Ciências Sociais, 47(3), 505–547.

Mancuso, W. P. (2007). O empresariado como ator político no Brasil: balanço da literatura e agenda de pesquisa. Revista de Sociologia e Política, 28, 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-44782007000100009

Masood, A., & Nisar, M. A. (2019). Speaking out: a postcolonial critique of the academic discourse on far-right populism. Organization. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508419828572

Mellahi, K., Frynas, J. G., Sun, P., & Siegel, D. (2016). A review of the nonmarket strategy literature: toward a multi-theoretical integration. Journal of Management, 42(1), 143–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315617241

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research a guide to design and implementation (4th Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc. Publishers.

Miguel, L. F., & Coutinho, A. D. A. (2007). A crise e suas fronteiras: oito meses de “mensalão” nos editoriais dos jornais. Opinião Pública, 13(1), 97–123. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762007000100004

Miles, M., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative data analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Ministério Público Federal. (2020). Caso Lava Jato. Recuperado em 5 outubro, 2020 de http://www.mpf.mp.br/grandes-casos/lava-jato/resultados

Murray, J., Nyberg, D., & Rogers, J. (2016). Corporate political activity through constituency stitching: intertextually aligning a phantom community. Organization, 23(6), 908–931. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508416640924

Nelson, J. S. (2017). The Corruption Norm. Journal of Management Inquiry, 26(3), 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492616675415

Nielsen, R. P. (2003). Corruption networks and implications for ethical corruption reform. Journal of Business Ethics, 42(2), 125–149. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021969204875

Nunes, E. de O. (2003). A gramática política do Brasil: clientelismo e insulamento burocrático. 3ª Ed. Brasília: J. Zahar.

Odebrecht. (2016a). Odebrecht assina acordo com autoridades do Brasil, Estados Unidos e Suíça. Recuperado em 23 março, 2019, de https://www.odebrecht.com/pt-br/comunicacao/releases/odebrecht-assina-acordo-com-autoridades-do-brasil-estados-unidos-e-suica

Odebrecht. (2016b). Relatório Anual 2016. Recuperado em 23 março, 2019, de https://www.odebrecht.com/pt-br/a-odebrecht/relatorios-anuais

Odebrecht. (2017). História. Recuperado em 23 março, 2019, de https://www.odebrecht.com/pt-br/organizacao-odebrecht/historia

Odebrecht. (2018). Jornada da Transformação. Recuperado em 23 março, 2019, de https://www.odebrecht.com/pt-br/a-odebrecht/jornada-da-transformacao

Odebrehct. (2019). Recuperação Judicial da Odebrecht S.A. Recuperado em 15 dezembro, 2019, de https://www.odebrecht.com/pt-br/comunicacao/recuperacao-judicial-da-odebrecht-sa

Ometto, M. P. D. S. de L. (2014). Implicit corporate political activity and elite formation. Tese de Doutorado. Fundação Getulio Vargas. São Paulo, SP Brasil.

Pearce, J. L., Castro, J. O., & Guillen, M. F. (2008). Influencing politics and political systems: political systems and corporate strategies. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 493–495. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2008.31193527

Pedersen, A. (2016, May). The impact of corruption on the performance of state-owned companies case of Petrobras Brasil. Tese de Doutorado. Fundação Getulio Vargas. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Pinto, J., Leana, C. R., & Pil, F. K. (2008). Corrupt organizations or organizations of corrupt individuals? Two types of organizational-level corruption. Academy of Management Review, 33(3), 685–709. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2008.32465726

Praça, S. (2017). Guerra à Corrupção Lições da Lava Jato. São Paulo: Generale.

Quimpo, N. G. (2005). Oligarchic patrimonialism, bossism, electoral clientelism, and contested democracy in the Philippines. Comparative Politics, 37(2), 229–250.

Reeves-Latour, M., & Morselli, C. (2017). Bid-rigging networks and state-corporate crime in the construction industry. Social Networks, 51, 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2016.10.003

Rêgo, B. F. S., Dib, L. A. R., & Bemvindo, B. (2016). A perspectiva de redes na internacionalização de empresas brasileiras de construção civil: o caso Vale e BNDES em Moçambique. Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia, 15(03), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.5585/riae.v15i3.2359

Rodrigues, R. (1996). A regulamentação do lobby no Brasil: leitura crítica de um projeto de lei. Revista de Administração Pública, 30(1), 55–63. http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/rap/article/viewFile/8127/6942

Roniger, L. (1987). Caciquismo and Coronelismo: contextual dimensions of patron brokerage in Mexico and Brazil. Latin American Research Review, 22(2), 71–99.

Salles-Djelic, M.-L., & Quack, S. (2018). Globalization and business regulation. Annual Review of Sociology, 44(1), 123-143. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053532

Scherer, A. G., Baumann-Pauly, D., & Schneider, A. (2013). Democratizing corporate governance: compensating for the democratic deficit of corporate political activity and corporate citizenship. Business & Society, 52(3), 473-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650312446931

Scherer, A. G., Palazzo, G., & Matten, D. (2014). The business firm as a political actor: a new theory of the firm for a globalized world. Business & Society, 53(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650309345271

Scherer, A. G., Rasche, A., Palazzo, G., & Spicer, A. (2016). Managing for political corporate social responsibility: new challenges and directions for PCSR 2.0. Journal of Management Studies, 53(3), 273–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12203

Schuler, D. A., Rehbein, K., & Cramer, R. D. (2002). Pursuing strategic advantage through political means: a multivariate approach. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 659–672. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069303

Scott, J. C. (1972). Patron-client politics and political change in Southeast Asia. The American Political Science Review, 66(1), 91–113.

Silva Filho, L. O., Lima, M. C., & Maciel, R. G. (2010). Efeito Barganha e Cotação: fenômenos que permitem a ocorrncia de superfaturamento com preços inferiores às referências oficiais. Anais do XIII SINAOP - Simpósio Nacional de Auditoria de Obras Públicas. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

Souza, N. H. B. (1978). Operários e política: estudo sobre os trabalhadores da construção cívil em Brasília. Brasília: UnB.

Stake, R. E. (1998). Qualitative Case studies. In Denzin, K & Lincoln, Y. S. Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry (pp. 445–454). California, CA: Sage Publications.

Sun, P., Mellahi, K., & Wright, M. (2012). The contingent value of corporate political ties. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(3), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2011.0164

Valente, R. (2016). Escândalos pré-Lava Jato não tiraram Odebrecht do poder. Estadão. Recuperado em 10 maio, 2018, de http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2016/12/1842493-escandalos-pre-lava-jato-nao-tiraram-odebrecht-do-poder.shtml

Van Maanen, J. (2006). Style as theory. Organization Science, 6(1), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.1.133

Walker, E. T., & Rea, C. M. (2014). The political mobilization of firms and industries. Annual Review of Sociology, 40(1), 281–304. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043215

Windsor, D. (2007). Toward a global theory of cross-border and multilevel corporate political activity. Business and Society, 46(2), 253–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650307301387

Zyglidopoulos, S. C. (2016). Toward a theory of second-order corruption. Journal of Management Inquiry, 25(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492615579914




Licença Creative Commons
Esta obra está licenciada sob uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.