Cumplicidade e impunidade: uma análise pós-colonial do envolvimento do setor bancário na corrupção transnacional

Isabella Chaves Nascimento, Cintia Rodrigues de Oliveira
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21529/RECADM.2021002

Texto completo:

PDF (Português (Brasil))

Resumen

Esta pesquisa aborda a corrupção, reconhecendo a importância das redes transnacionais informais na perpetuação da corrupção. O objetivo geral é compreender, sob a lente pós-colonial, como a corrupção se constitui um fenômeno transnacional. Realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa, com a análise de documentos sobre casos de corrupção envolvendo um grande banco internacional: o HSBC Holdings Plc. O material empírico foi extraído da organização International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) e do jornal britânico The Guardian, sendo submetido à análise temática. O mapa temático final destaca dois temas que desvelam as relações coloniais: a cumplicidade dos agentes do sistema financeiro com os infratores e a impunidade do colonizador com esses mesmos agentes. Os resultados apontam para um padrão histórico de leniência e conivência do banco com criminosos, com diversos processos acusatórios encerrados com acordos, resumidos às multas que, por maiores que fossem em relação às práticas da justiça até então, não representavam sanções que inibissem as eventuais reincidências.

Palabras clave

corrupção; pós-colonialismo; corporações


Compartilhe


Referencias


Adler, P. S., Forbes, L. C., & Willmott, H. (2007). Critical management studies. The Academy of management annals, 1(1), 119–179.

Almeida, J., Miglievich-Ribeiro, A., & Gomes, H. T. (2013). Crítica pós-colonial: panorama de leituras contemporâneas. Rio de Janeiro: 7 Letras.

Alvesson, M., & Deetz, S. (1999). Teoria crítica e abordagens pós-modernas para estudos organizacionais. In S. R. Clegg, C. Hard & W. R. Nord (Orgs.). handbook de estudos organizacionais: modelos de análise e novas questões em estudos organizacionais, (Vol. 1, Cap. 8, pp. 227-266). São Paulo: Atlas.

Anand, V., Ashforth, B. E., & Joshi, M. (2004). Business as usual: the acceptance and perpetuation of corruption in organizations. Academy of Management Executive, 18(2), 1-16.

Apata, G. O. (2018). Corruption and the postocolonial state: how the west invented African corruption. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 36(1), 43-56.

Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., & Tiffin, H (2003). Introduction. In B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths & H. Tiffin. The empire writes back: theory and practice in post-colonial literatures. (Vol. 1, pp. 1-13). London: Routledge.

Ashfort, B. E, & Anand, V. (2003). The normalization of corruption in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 25(1), 1-52.

Banerjee, S. B., & Linstead, S. (2001). Globalization, multiculturalism and other fictions: colonialism for the new millennium? Organization, 8(4), 683-722.

Banerjee, S. B. (2008a). Necrocaptalism. Organization Studies, 29(12), 1541-1563.

Banerjee, S. B. (2008b). Corporate social responsibility: the good, the bad and the ugly. Critical sociology, 34(1), 51-79.

Banerjee, S.B., & Prasad, A. (2008), Introduction to the special issue on ‘Critical reflections on management and organizations: a postcolonial perspective’. Critical perspectives on international business, 4(2/3), 90-98.

Batabyal, S., & Chowdhury, A. (2015). Curbing corruption, financial development and income inequality. Progress in Development Studies, 15(1), 49–72.

Bauer, M. W., & Aarts, B. (2002). A construção do corpus: um princípio para a coleta de dados qualitativos. In: M. W. Bauer & G. Gaskell (Orgs.). Pesquisa qualitativa com texto, imagem e som: um manual prático. (Cap. 2, pp. 39-63). Petrópolis: Editora Vozes.

Bratsis, P. (2014). Political corruption in the age of transnational capitalism: from the relative autonomy of the state to the White Man’s Burden. Historical Materialism, 22(1), 105-128.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

Campos, J. E., Lien, D., & Pradhan, S. (1999). The impact of corruption on investment: predictability matters. World Development, 27(6), 1059-1067.

Carrington, P. D. (2007). Law and transnational corruption: the need for Lincoln's law abroad. Law & Contemporary Problems, 70(4), 109-138.

Carlin, A. & Lokanan, M. E. (2018). Ritualisation and money laundering in the Swiss banking sector. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 21(1), 89-103.

Chittum, R. (2015). Diamond dealers in deep trouble as bank documents shine light on secret ways. ICIJ. Recuperado em 14 maio, 2018, de https://www.icij.org/investigations/swiss-leaks/diamond-dealers-deep-trouble-bank-documents-shine-light-secret-ways/.

Christensen, J. (2011). The looting continues: tax havens and corruption. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 7(2), 177-196.

Coronado, G. (2008) Discourses of anti-corruption in Mexico. Culture of corruption or corruption of culture? Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 5(1), 1-23.

Cooley, A. & Sharman, J. C. (2015) Blurring the line between licit and illicit: transnational corruption networks in Central Asia and beyond. Central Asian Survey, 34(1), 11-28.

Cooley, A. & Sharman, J. C. (2017). Transnational corruption and the globalized individual. Perspectives on Politics, 15(3), 732-753.

Costa, S. (2013). (Re)Encontrando-se nas redes? As ciências humanas e a nova geopolítica do conhecimento. In J. Almeida, A. Miglievich-Ribeiro & H. T. Gomes (Orgs.). Crítica pós-colonial: panorama de leituras contemporâneas. Rio de Janeiro: 7Letras.

Dart, T. (2016). Families of Americans killed by Mexican cartels sue HSBC for laundering billions. The Guardian. Recuperado em 05 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/feb/11/families-of-americans-killed-by-mexican-cartels-sue-hsbc.

Davies, R. (2017). HSBC 'complicit' in South Africa scandal, House of Lords told. The Guardian. Recuperado em 04 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/nov/01/hsbc-investigated-fund-transfers-south-africa-corruption-row-zuma-gupta.

De Klerk, J. J. (2017). “The Devil Made Me Do It!” An inquiry into the unconscious “Devils Within” of rationalized corruption. Journal of Management Inquiry, 26(3), 254-269.

De Maria, B. (2008). Neo-colonialism through measurement: a critique of the corruption perception index. Critical perspectives on international business, 4(2/3), 184-202.

De Maria, W. (2005, julho). The new war on African “corruption”: just another neo-colonial adventure. 4th International Critical Management Studies Conference. Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (pp. 2-21).

Dion, M. (2013). Uncertainties and presumptions about corruption. Social Responsibility Journal, 9(3), 412-426.

Elam, J. D. (2019). Postcolonial Theory. Literary and Critical Theory. Recuperado em 10 março, 2019, de https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0069.xml. DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780190221911-0069

Farrel, P. et al. (2015) Leading Australian figures held offshore bank accounts. The Guardian. Recuperado em 04 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/feb/09/hsbc-swiss-files-leading-australian-figures-held-offshore-bank-accounts?CMP=share_btn_tw.

Fitzgibbon, W, & Hamilton, M. M. (2015). Bank’s services for arms dealers in conflict with its own policy. ICIJ. Recuperado em 14 maio, 2018, de https://www.icij.org/investigations/swiss-leaks/banks-services-arms-dealers-conflict-its-own-policy/.

Fitzgibbon, W, & Hamilton, M. M. (2016) law firm’s files include dozens of companies and people blacklisted by U.S. authorities. ICIJ. Recuperado em 04 junho, 2018, de https://www.icij.org/investigations/panama-papers/20160404-sanctioned-blacklisted-offshore-clients.

Freitas Júnior, L. R., & Medeiros, C. R. O. (2018). Estratégias de racionalização da corrupção nas organizações: uma análise das declarações de acusados em casos de corrupção no Brasil. Revista de Ciências da Administração, 20(50), 8-23.

Garside, J. (2015). HSBC pays out £28m over money-laundering claims. The Guardian. Recuperado em 05 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jun/04/hsbc-fined-278m-over-money-laundering-claims.

Global Witness (2015). Banks and dirt money: how the financial system enables States looting at a devastating human cost. Recuperado em 26 junho, 2018, de https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/corruption-and-money-laundering/banks-.

Gupta, A. (1995). Blurred boundaries: the discourse of corruption, the culture of politics, and the imagined state. American Ethnologist, 22(2), 375-402.

Gupta, A., Nugent, D., & Sreenath, S. (2015). State, corruption, postcoloniality: a conversation with Akhil Gupta on the 20th anniversary of “Blurred Boundaries”. American Ethnologist, 42(4), 581-591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12157

Hamilton, M. M. (2015). Whistleblower? Thief? Hero? Introducing the source of the data that shook HSBC. ICIJ. Recuperado em 14 maio, 2018, de https://www.icij.org/investigations/swiss-leaks/whistleblower-thief-hero-introducing-source-data-shook-hsbc/.

Harding, L., Hopkins, N., & Barr, C. (2017). British banks handled vast sums of laundered Russian money. The Guardian. Recuperado em 11 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/20/british-banks-handled-vast-sums-of-laundered-russian-money.

Hardouin, P. (2017). Too big to fail, too big to jail: restoring liability a lesson from HSBC case. Journal of Financial Crime, 24(4), 513-519.

Hopkins, N., Harding, L., & Mason, R. (2017). Police to examine 'Global Laundromat' money laundering allegations. The Guardian. Recuperado em 13 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/21/police-to-examine-global-laundromat-money-laundering-allegations.

Huntington, S. (1975). Political order in changing societies. New Haven: Yale U. Press.

ICIJ (2016). Giant leak of offshore financial records exposes global array of crime and corruption. ICIJ. Recuperado em 04 junho, 2018, de https://www.icij.org/investigations/panama-papers/20160403-panama-papers-global-overview/.

ICIJ (2017). Explore the Panama papers key figures. ICIJ. Recuperado em 31 janeiro, 2017, de https://www.icij.org/investigations/panama-papers/explore-panama-papers-key-figures/.

Krippendorf, K. (2004). Content analysis. An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Lambsdorff, J.G., & Schulze, G. G. (2015). What can we know about corruption? A very short history of corruption research and a list of what we should aim for. Journal of Economics and Statistics, 235(2), 100-114.

Leigh, D., Ball, J., Garside, J., & Pegg, D. (2015a). HSBC’s response: ‘Standards of due diligence were significantly lower than today’. The Guardian. Recuperado em 04 junho, 2018, de: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/08/hsbc-responds-revelations-misconduct-swiss-bank

Leigh, D. et al. (2015b). HSBC files: Catalogue of malpractice endorsed by bankers laid bare in HSBC files. The Guardian. Recuperado em 04 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/08/hsbc-files-catalogue-malpractice-bankers-tax?CMP=share_btn_tw.

Leigh, D. et al. (2015c). Cash pilgrims and bricks of money: HSBC Swiss bank operated like cash machine for rich clients. The Guardian. Recuperado em 04 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/09/hsbc-files-swiss-bank-cash-machine-rich-clients?CMP=share_btn_tw.

Leigh, D. et al. (2015d). Swiss bank aggressively pushed way for clients to avoid new tax. The Guardian. Recuperado em 05 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/10/hsbc-files-swiss-bank-aggressive-marketing-clients-avoid-new-tax.

Leigh, D. et al. (2015e). HSBC files show Tories raised over £5m from HSBC Swiss account holders. The Guardian. Recuperado em 05 junho, 2018, de: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/11/hsbc-files-show-tories-raised-over-5m-from-hsbc-swiss-account-holders.

Leigh, D. et al. (2015f). Fugitives, aides and bagmen: HSBC's 'politically exposed' clients. The Guardian. The Guardian. Recuperado em 05 junho, 2018, de: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/feb/12/hsbc-politically-exposed-clients-fugitives-aides-bagmen.

Lord, N. J. (2014). Responding to transnational corporate bribery using international frameworks for enforcement: Anti-bribery and corruption in the UK and Germany. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 14(1), 100-120.

Mathiason, N. (2010). HSBC accused of aiding 'unusual' Angolan $50m money transfer. The Guardian. Recuperado em 04 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/feb/04/hsbc-angola-us-senate.

Mathiason, N., & Barr, C. (2011) HSBC under fire over leading role in land deals for Mubarak regime. The Guardian. Recuperado em 05 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/may/01/hsbc-egypt-corruption-mubarak-.

Medeiros, C. R. O. (2013) Inimigos públicos: crimes corporativos e necrocorporações. Tese de Doutorado, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020150209

Medeiros, C. R. O. (2015). Crimes corporativos e estudos organizacionais: uma aproximação possível e necessária. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(2), 202-208.

Montigny, P. (2015). Is corruption a cultural issue? Ethic Inteligence. Recuperado em 08 junho, 2017, de http://www.ethic-intelligence.com/blog/8291-corruption-cultural-issue/.

Mulinge, M. M., & Lesetedi, G. N. (1998). Interrogating our past: colonialism and corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Political Science, 3(2) 15-28.

Neate, R., & Treanor, J. (2016). FBI arrests senior HSBC banker accused of rigging multibillion-dollar deal. The Guardian. Recuperado em 05 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jul/20/hsbc-mark-johnson-stuart-scott-arrested-currency-exchange.

OECD - Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2017). Fighting the crime of foreign bribery: the anti-bribery convention and the OECD working group on bribery. Recuperado em 23 março, 2018, de http://www.oecd.org/corruption/Fighting-the-crime-of-foreign-bribery.pdf.

Osoba, S. O. (1996). Corruption in Nigeria: historical perspectives. Review of African Political Economy, 23(69), 371-386.

Pinto, C. (2011). A banalidade da corrupção: uma forma de governar o Brasil. Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG

Platt, S. (2017). Criminal capital. How the finance industry facilitates crime. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Prasad, A. (2003). Postcolonial theory and organizational analysis: a critical engagement. New York: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403982292

Prasad, A. (2016). Toward decolonizing modern Western structures of knowledge. A Postcolonial interrogation of (Critical) Management Studies. In P. Prasad, A. Prasad, A. J. Mills & J. Helms Mills (Eds.). The Routledge Companion to Critical Management Studies. (pp. 161-199) London: Routledge.

Pratley, N. (2015). HSBC's Presbyterian principles forgotten in the global dash for cash. The Guardian. Recuperado em 04 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/nils-pratley-on-finance/2015/feb/09/hsbcs-presbyterian-principles-forgotten-in-the-global-dash-for-cash.

Rose-Ackerman, S. (1996). Democracy and ‘grand’ corruption. International Social Science Journal, 48(149), 365-380.

Rose-Ackerman, S. (2002). ‘‘Grand’’ corruption and the ethics of global business. Journal of Banking & Finance, 26, 1889-1918.

Ryle, G., Fitzgibbon, W., Cabra, M., Carvajal, R., Guevara, M. W., Hamilton, M. M., & Stites, T. (2015). Banking giant HSBC sheltered murky cash linked to dictators and arms dealers. ICIJ. Recuperado em 14 maio, 2018, de https://www.icij.org/investigations/swiss-leaks/banking-giant-hsbc-sheltered-murky-cash-linked-dictators-and-arms-dealers/.

Rushe, D. & Treanor, J. (2012). HSBC's record $1.9bn fine preferable to prosecution, US authorities insist. The Guardian. Recuperado em 05 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/dec/11/hsbc-fine-prosecution-money-.

Sampson, S. (2010). The anti-corruption industry: from movement to institution. Global Crime, 11(2), 261-278.

Scott, D. (1999). Refashioning futures. Criticism after Postcoloniality. Princeton: Priceton University Press.

Shelley, L. (2005) The unholy trinity: transnational crime, corruption, and terrorism. Brown Journal of World Affairs, 11(2), 101-111.

Sikka, P. (2008). Enterprise culture and accountancy firms: new masters of the universe. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 21(2), 268-295.

Sikka, P. (2010). Smoke and mirrors: corporate social responsibility and tax avoidance. Accounting Forum, 34(3-4) 153–168.

Sikka, P. & Lehman, G. (2015). The supply-side of corruption and limits to preventing corruption within government procurement and constructing ethical subjects. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 28, 62–70.

Silbey, S. S. (1997). 1996 Presidential address: "Let them eat cake": globalization, postmodern colonialism, and the possibilities of justice. Law and Society Review, 31(2), 207-235.

Silva, M. (1994) Corrupção: tentativa de uma definição funcional. Revista de Administração Pública, 28(1), 18-23.

Smith, E. B., & Babcock, C. R. (2015). New law, new loophole, new business for giant global bank HSBC. ICIJ. Recuperado em 14 maio, 2018, de https://www.icij.org/investigations/swiss-leaks/new-law-new-loophole-new-business-giant-global-bank-hsbc/.

Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.). Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (pp. 271-313). Chicago: Chicago Press.

Sung, H. E. (2005). Between demand and supply: bribery in international trade. Crime, Law and Social Change, 44(1), 111-132.

Sung, H. E. (2009). Transnational corruption in weapons procurement in East Asia: a case analysis. Sociological Focus, 42(3) 254-275.

Transparency International. (2009). Global Corruption Report 2009: corruption and the private sector. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom. Recuperado em 25 abril, 2018, de https://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/publication/global_corruption_report_2009.

Treanor, J. (2014). Foreign exchange fines: banks handed £2.6bn in penalties for market rigging. (12/11/2014). The Guardian. Recuperado em 05 junho, 2018, de https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/nov/12/foreign-exchange-fines-ubs-hsbc-citibank-jp-morgan-rbs-penalties-market-rigging.

Tuckett, A. (2005). Applying Thematic Analysis Theory to practice: a researcher’s experience. Contemporary Nurse, 19(1-2), 75-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.19.1-2.75.

United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (2004). United Nation Convention against corruption. General Assembly resolution 58/4 of 31 October 2003. Vienna, Austria. Recuperado em 15 outubro, 2017, de https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08-50026_E.pdf

Vázquez-Arroyo, A. Y. (2008). Universal history disavowed: on critical theory and postcolonialism. Postcolonial Studies, 11(4), 451–473. DOI:10.1080/13688790802468288

Ware, G. T. & Noone, G. P. (2005). The anatomy of transnational corruption. International Affairs Review, 14(2), 29-51.

Watson, I. (2016). First nations and the colonial project. Inter Gentes, 1(1), 30-49.

Williams, J. W. & Beare, M. E. (1999). The business of bribery: globalization, economic liberalization, and the “problem” of corruption. Crime, Law & Social Change, 32(2), 115-146.

Witsoe, J. (2011). Corruption as power: caste and the political imagination of the postcolonial state. Journal of the American Ethnological Society, 38(1), 73-85.

World Bank Group. Worldwide Governance Indicators. Recuperado em 06 junho, 2017, de http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#reports.

World Bank Independent Evaluation Group (2006). Annual Report. Recuperado em 10 junho, 2019, de https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/420691468336684389/independent-evaluation-group-miga-2006-annual-report.




Licencia de Creative Commons
Este obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional.